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Background  Only limited information is available about the occurrence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in public parks, which are areas strongly influenced by human beings. For this reason,  Ixodes ricinus  were collected in public parks of different Bavarian cities in a 2-year survey (2009 and 2010) and screened for DNA of  Babesia  spp.,  Rickettsia  spp. and  Bartonella  spp. by PCR. Species identification was performed by sequence analysis and alignment with existing sequences in GenBank. Additionally, coinfections with  Anaplasma phagocytophilum  were investigated.    Results  The following prevalences were detected:  Babesia  spp.: 0.4% (n = 17, including one pool of two larvae) in 2009 and 0.5 to 0.7% (n = 11, including one pool of five larvae) in 2010;  Rickettsia  spp.: 6.4 to 7.7% (n = 285, including 16 pools of 76 larvae) in 2009. DNA of  Bartonella  spp. in  I. ricinus  in Bavarian public parks could not be identified. Sequence analysis revealed the following species:  Babesia  sp. EU1 (n = 25),  B. divergens  (n = 1),  B. divergens/capreoli  (n = 1),  B. gibsoni -like (n = 1),  R. helvetica  (n = 272),  R. monacensis  IrR/Munich (n = 12) and unspecified  R. monacensis  (n = 1). The majority of coinfections were  R. helvetica  with  A. phagocytophilum  (n = 27), but coinfections between  Babesia  spp. and  A. phagocytophilum , or  Babesia  spp. and  R. helvetica  were also detected.    Conclusions   I. ricinus  ticks in urban areas of Germany harbor several tick-borne pathogens and coinfections were also observed. Public parks are of particularly great interest regarding the epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens, because of differences in both the prevalence of pathogens in ticks as well as a varying species arrangement when compared to woodland areas. The record of DNA of a  Babesia gibsoni -like pathogen detected in  I. ricinus  suggests that  I. ricinus  may harbor and transmit more  Babesia  spp. than previously known. Because of their high recreational value for human beings, urban green areas are likely to remain in the research focus on public health issues.

Occurrence of Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in Ixodes ricinus in Bavarian public parks, Germany