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Background  Alternative insecticides for the control of malaria and filarial vectors are of paramount need as resistance is increasing among classes of insecticides currently in use in the public health sector. In this study, mosquitocidal activity of  Schinus terebinthifolia  essential oil against  Anopheles gambiae  s.s.,  An. arabiensis  and  Culex quinquefasciatus  was assessed in laboratory, semi- field and full- field conditions    Method  Twenty third instar larvae of both  Anopheles gambiae  s.s. and  Cx. quinquefasciatus  were exposed to different dosages of plant extract in both laboratory and semi- field environments. Observation of the mortality response was assessed at intervals of 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Adult semi- gravid female mosquitoes were exposed to papers treated with  S. terebinthifolia  and compared with WHO standard paper treated with alphacypermethrin (0.05%).    Results  Gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry, identified 15 compounds from  S. terebinthifolia  extracts, the most abundant identified compound was δ-3-carene (55.36%) and the least was γ-elemene (0.41%). The density of the oil was found to be 0.8086 g/ml. The effective dosages in the insectary ranged from 202.15 to 2625.20 ppm and were further evaluated in the semi- field situation. In the laboratory, the mortality of  Cx. quinquefasciatus  ranged from 0.5 to 96.75% while for  An. gambiae  s.s it was from 13.75 to 97.91%. In the semi- field experiments, the mortality rates observed varied for both species with time and concentrations. The LC 50  and LC 95  value in the laboratory was similar for both species while in the semi- field they were different for each. In wild, adult mosquitoes, the KT 50  for  S. terebinthifolia  was 11.29 minutes while for alphacypermethrin was 19.34 minutes. The 24 hour mortality was found to be 100.0% for  S. terebinthifolia  and 75.0% for alphacypermethrin which was statistically significant ( P  < 0.001).    Conclusion  The efficacy shown by essential oils of fruits and seeds of  S. terebinthifolia  has given an opportunity for further investigation of individual components of these plant extracts and to evaluate them in small- scale field trials.

Insecticidal activity of the essential oil from fruits and seeds of Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi against African malaria vectors