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Background  To implement an Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM) strategy through a randomized controlled trial (phase III), 28 villages were selected in southern Benin. No recent entomological data being available in these villages, entomological surveys were performed between October 2007 and May 2008, before vector control strategies implementation, to establish baseline data.    Methods  Mosquitoes were sampled by human landing collection (16 person-nights per village per survey per village) during 5 surveys. Mosquitoes were identified morphologically and by molecular methods. The  Plasmodium falciparum  circumsporozoïte indexes were measured by ELISA, and the entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) were calculated. Molecular detection of pyrethroid knock down resistance ( Kdr ) and of insensitive acetylcholinesterase were performed.    Results  44,693 mosquitoes belonging to 28 different species were caught from October 2007 to May 2008. Among mosquitoes caught, 318 were  An. gambiae s.s ., 2 were  An. nili , 568 were  An. funestus s.s ., and one individual was  An. leesoni . EIR was 2.05 ± 1.28 infective bites per human per 100 nights on average, of which 0.67 ± 0.60 were from  An. funestus  and 1.38 ± 0.94 infective bites were from  An. gambiae . Important variations were noted between villages considering mosquito density and malaria transmission indicating a spatial heterogeneity in the study area. The  kdr  allelic frequency was 28.86% in  An. gambiae s.s . on average and significantly increases from October 2007 (10.26%) to May 2008 (33.87%) in M molecular form of  An. gambiae s.s .  Ace 1  mutation was found in S molecular of  An. gambiae s.s  at a low frequency (< 1%).    Conclusion  This study updates information on mosquito diversity and malaria risk in rural villages from south Benin. It showed a high spatial heterogeneity in mosquito distribution and malaria transmission and underlines the need of further investigations of biological, ecological, and behavioral traits of malaria vectors species and forms. This study is a necessary prerequisite to cartography malaria risk and to improve vector control operations in southern Benin.

parasites and vectors

Culicidae diversity, malaria transmission and insecticide resistance alleles in malaria vectors in Ouidah-Kpomasse-Tori district from Benin (West Africa): A pre-intervention study