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Background  Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been known to exist in northwest Ethiopia (Humera-Metema lowlands) since the early 1970s associated with large scale agricultural development activities, often resulting in outbreaks. The latest outbreak of the disease that has started around 1995 in both regions, has led to the present preliminary entomological surveys (1996-2005) the results of which are reported here. Sandflies were collected using CDC light traps and  Phlebotomus  females were dissected for  Leishmania  detection and isolation; freshly fed  Phlebotomus  females collected were subsequently tested for their blood meal sources using ELISA. All  Phlebotomus  collections were identified to species.    Results  During the surveys (1996-2005), a total of 1963 sandflies of six  Phlebotomus  species ( P. orientalis ,  P. papatasi ,  P. bergeroti, P. duboscqi ,  P. rodhaini  and  P. alexandri ) were recorded from the study areas: the predominant species was  P. orientalis  in both localities. None of the total 618  P. orientalis  females dissected (506 from Metema and 112 from Humera), nor the total 114 females of four other species dissected ( P. papatasi ,  P. duboscqi ,  P. bergeroti  and  P. rodhaini ) was infected with  Leishmania  promastigotes. ELISA-based blood meal analysis of 273 fresh fed  P. orientalis  females collected from Metema revealed a remarkably high bovine blood feeds (92%) with only 2.2% of human blood feeds.    Conclusion  Based on abundance and other circumstantial evidences (its proven role in Sudan),  P. orientalis  is the most likely vector of VL in northwest Ethiopia, pending further clarifications. The zoophagic feeding behaviour of  P. orientalis  detected in the present study could have epidemiological significance, but more investigations are required in this and other behavioural characteristics towards appropriate management of the vector.

parasites and vectors

Further studies on the phlebotomine sandflies of the kala-azar endemic lowlands of Humera-Metema (north-west Ethiopia) with observations on their natural blood meal sources