English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Background  This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the  An. gambiae  complex.  Anopheles gambiae  is one of four DVS within the  An. gambiae  complex, the others being  An. arabiensis  and the coastal  An. merus  and  An. melas . There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa,  An. funestus ,  An. moucheti  and  An. nili . Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed.    Results  A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method.    Conclusions  The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa:  Anopheles  ( Cellia )  arabiensis ,  An.  ( Cel. )  funestus* ,  An.  ( Cel. )  gambiae ,  An.  ( Cel. )  melas ,  An.  ( Cel. )  merus ,  An.  ( Cel. )  moucheti  and  An.  ( Cel. )  nili* , and in the European and Middle Eastern Region:  An.  ( Anopheles )  atroparvus ,  An.  ( Ano. )  labranchiae ,  An.  ( Ano. )  messeae ,  An.  ( Ano. )  sacharovi ,  An.  ( Cel. )  sergentii  and  An.  ( Cel. )  superpictus* . These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.

The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis