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Background  The study aims to determine the role of domestic dogs in transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 10 villages along the River Rahad in eastern Sudan to elucidate the role of domestic dogs ( Canis familiaris , Linnaeus, 1758) as a reservoir host of  Leishmania donovani . In this study, 87 dogs were screened for infection by  Leishmania donovani . Blood and lymph node samples were taken from 87 and 33 dogs respectively and subsequently screened by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) test. Additional lymph node smears were processed for microscopy and parasite culture. Host preference of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) vector in the area,  Phlebotomus orientalis , and other sandflies for the Nile rat ( Arvicanthis niloticus , É. Geoffrey, 1803), the genet ( Genetta genetta , Linnaeus, 1758), the mongoose ( Herpeistes ichneumon , Linnaeus, 1758), and the domestic dog were determined by counting numbers of sand flies attracted to CDC traps that were baited by these animals.    Results  DAT on blood samples detected anti- Leishmania  antibodies in 6 samples (6.9%). Two out of 87 (2.3%) blood samples tested were PCR positive, giving an amplification product of 560 bp. The two positive samples by PCR were also positive by DAT. However, none of the 33 lymph nodes aspirates were  Leishmania  positive when screened by microscopy, culture and genus-specific PCR. The dog-baited trap significantly attracted the highest number of  P. orientalis  and sand fly species (P < 0.001). This was followed by the Egyptian mongoose baited trap and less frequently by the genet baited trap.    Conclusion  It is concluded that the results obtained from host attraction studies indicate that dog is more attractive for  P. orientalis  than Egyptian mongoose, common genet and Nile rat.

Role of the domestic dog as a reservoir host of Leishmania donovani in eastern Sudan