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Background  The use of repellent materials from plants against nuisance insects is common with great potential to compliment existing malaria control programmes and this requires evaluation in the field. Ocimum plant species,  Ocimum suave  (Willd) and  O. kilimandscharicum  (Guerke) materials and their essential oils extracted by steam distillation were evaluated in the field and experimental huts for repellence, exophily and feeding inhibition effects against three mosquito species,  Anopheles arabiensis  (Patton),  An. gambiae  ss (Giles) and  Culex quinquefasciatus  (Say). The protective effect of essential oils from Ocimum plants were compared with N, N-diethly-3- methylbenzamide (DEET), a standard synthetic repellent. Also, the protective effect of fumigation by burning of repellent plants;  Ocimum suave, Ocimum kilimandscharicum ,  Azadirachta indica ,  Eucalyptus globules  and  Lantana camara  were tested in experimental huts and selected local houses.    Results  In the field, protection by Ocimum plants from mosquito bites was high and there was small variation among different mosquito species. Protection efficiency was 93.4%, 91.98% and 89.75% for  An. arabiensis  while for  Cx .  quinquefaciatus  it was 91.30%, 88.65% and 90.50% for DEET,  Ocimum suave  and  O. kilimandscharicum  respectively. In the experimental hut, deterrence induced by burning of Ocimum and other plants ranged from 73.1.0% to 81.9% for  An. arabiensis  and 56.5% to 67.8% for  Cx. quinquefaciatus , while feeding inhibition was 61.1% to 100% for  An. arabiensis  and 50% to 100% for  Cx. quinquefaciatus . Evaluations under field conditions confirmed high protective efficacy, enhanced feeding inhibition and house entry inhibition (Deterrence).    Conclusion  This study shows the potential of  Ocimum suave and Ocimum kilimandscharicum  crude extracts and whole plants of  Ocimum suave, Ocimum kilimandscharicum ,  Azadirachta indica ,  Eucalyptus globules and Lantana camara  for use in protecting against human biting while the burning of plants reduces significantly the indoor resting mosquitoes.

parasites and vectors

Longitudinal evaluation of Ocimum and other plants effects on the feeding behavioral response of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the field in Tanzania