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Background  Little is known about interactions between filamentous heterotrophs and filamentous cyanobacteria. Here, interactions between the filamentous heterotrophic bacteria  Fibrella aestuarina  (strain BUZ 2) and  Fibrisoma limi  (BUZ 3) with an axenic strain of the autotrophic filamentous cyanobacterium  Nostoc muscorum  (SAG 25.82) were studied in mixed cultures under nutrient rich (carbon source present in medium) and poor (carbon source absent in medium) conditions.    Findings   F. aestuarina  BUZ 2 significantly reduced the cyanobacterial population whereas  F. limi  BUZ 3 did not. Physical contact between heterotrophs and autotroph was observed and the cyanobacterial cells showed some level of damage and lysis. Therefore, either contact lysis or entrapment with production of extracellular compounds in close vicinity of host cells could be considered as potential modes of action.  The supernatants from pure heterotrophic cultures did not have an effect on  Nostoc  cultures. However, supernatant from mixed cultures of BUZ 2 and  Nostoc  had a negative effect on cyanobacterial growth, indicating that the lytic compounds were only produced in the presence of  Nostoc .  The growth and survival of tested heterotrophs was enhanced by the presence of  Nostoc  or its metabolites, suggesting that the heterotrophs could utilize the autotrophs and its products as a nutrient source. However, the autotroph could withstand and out-compete the heterotrophs under nutrient poor conditions.    Conclusions  Our results suggest that the nutrients in cultivation media, which boost or reduce the number of heterotrophs, were the important factor influencing the outcome of the interplay between filamentous heterotrophs and autotrophs. For better understanding of these interactions, additional research is needed. In particular, it is necessary to elucidate the mode of action for lysis by heterotrophs, and the possible defense mechanisms of the autotrophs.

Antagonistic interactions between filamentous heterotrophs and the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum