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Background  Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are an emerging approach of cancer treatment. Our previous study have shown that CIK cells stimulated with combination of IL-2 and IL-15 displayed improved proliferation capacity and tumor cytotoxicity. However, the mechanisms of CIK cell proliferation and acquisition of cytolytic function against tumor induced by IL-2 and IL-15 have not been well elucidated yet.    Methods  CIK IL-2  and CIK IL-15  were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells primed with IFN-γ, and stimulated with IL-2 and IL-15 in combination with OKT3 respectively. RNA-seq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes, and gene ontology and pathways based analysis were used to identify the distinct roles of IL-2 and IL-15 in CIK preparation.    Results  The results indicated that CIK IL-15  showed improved cell proliferation capacity compared to CIK IL-2 . However, CIK IL-2  has exhibited greater tumor cytotoxic effect than CIK IL-15 . Employing deep sequencing, we sequenced mRNA transcripts in CIK IL-2  and CIK IL-15 . A total of 374 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified including 175 up-regulated genes in CIK IL-15  and 199 up-regulated genes in CIK IL-2 . Among DEGs in CIK IL-15 , Wnt signaling and cell adhesion were significant GO terms and pathways which related with their functions. In CIK IL-2 , type I interferon signaling and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were significant GO terms and pathways. We found that the up-regulation of Wnt 4 and PDGFD may contribute to enhanced cell proliferation capacity of CIK IL-15 , while inhibitory signal from interaction between CTLA4 and CD80 may be responsible for the weak proliferation capacity of CIK IL-2 . Moreover, up-regulated expressions of CD40LG and IRF7 may make for improved tumor cytolytic function of CIK IL-2  through type I interferon signaling.    Conclusions  Through our findings, we have preliminarily elucidated the cells proliferation and acquisition of tumor cytotoxicity mechanism of CIK IL-15  and CIK IL-2 . Better understanding of these mechanisms will help to generate novel CIK cells with greater proliferation potential and improved tumor cytolytic function.

Global transcriptome-wide analysis of CIK cells identify distinct roles of IL-2 and IL-15 in acquisition of cytotoxic capacity against tumor