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Background  Biological fermentation routes can provide an environmentally friendly way of producing H 2  since they use renewable biomass as feedstock and proceed under ambient temperature and pressure. In particular, photo-fermentation has superior properties in terms of achieving high H 2  yield through complete degradation of substrates. However, long-term H 2  production data with stable performance is limited, and this data is essential for practical applications. In the present work, continuous photo-fermentative H 2  production from lactate was attempted using the purple non-sulfur bacterium,  Rhodobacter sphaeroides  KD131. As a gradual drop in H 2  production was observed, we attempted to add ethanol (0.2% v/v) to the medium.    Results  As continuous operation went on, H 2  production was not sustained and showed a negligible H 2  yield (< 0.5 mol H 2 /mol lactate added ) within two weeks. Electron balance analysis showed that the reason for the gradual drop in H 2  production was ascribed to the increase in production of soluble microbial products (SMP s ). To see the possible effect of ethanol addition, a batch test was first conducted. The presence of ethanol significantly increased the H 2  yield from 1.15 to 2.20 mol H 2 /mol lactate added , by suppressing the production of SMPs. The analysis of SMPs by size exclusion chromatography showed that, in the later period of fermentation, more than half of the low molecular weight SMPs (< 1 kDa) were consumed and used for H 2  production when ethanol had been added, while the concentration of SMPs continuously increased in the absence of ethanol. It was found that the addition of ethanol facilitated the utilization of reducing power, resulting in an increase in the cellular levels of NAD +  and NADP + . In continuous operation, ethanol addition was effective, such that stable H 2  production was attained with an H 2  yield of 2.5 mol H 2 /mol lactate added . Less than 15% of substrate electrons were used for SMP production, whereas 35% were used in the control.    Conclusions  We have found that SMPs are the key factor in photo-fermentative H 2  production, and their production can be suppressed by ethanol addition. However, since external addition of ethanol to the medium represents an extra economic burden, ethanol should be prepared in a cost-effective way.

Enhanced photo-fermentative H2 production using Rhodobacter sphaeroides by ethanol addition and analysis of soluble microbial products