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Background  Furfural is the prevalent microbial inhibitor generated during pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass to monomeric sugars, but the response of acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) producing  Clostridium beijerinckii  NCIMB 8052 to this compound at the molecular level is unknown. To discern the effect of furfural on  C. beijerinckii  and to gain insight into molecular mechanisms of action and detoxification, physiological changes of furfural-stressed cultures during acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) fermentation were studied, and differentially expressed genes were profiled by genome-wide transcriptional analysis.    Results  A total of 5,003  C. beijerinckii  NCIMB 8052 genes capturing about 99.7% of the genome were examined. About 111 genes were differentially expressed (up- or down-regulated) by  C. beijerinckii  when it was challenged with furfural at acidogenic growth phase compared with 721 genes that were differentially expressed (up- or down-regulated) when  C. beijerinckii  was challenged with furfural at solventogenic growth phase. The differentially expressed genes include genes related to redox and cofactors, membrane transporters, carbohydrate, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolisms, heat shock proteins, DNA repair, and two-component signal transduction system. While  C. beijerinckii  exposed to furfural stress during the acidogenic growth phase produced 13% more ABE than the unstressed control, ABE production by  C. beijerinckii  ceased following exposure to furfural stress during the solventogenic growth phase.    Conclusion  Genome-wide transcriptional response of  C. beijerinckii  to furfural stress was investigated for the first time using microarray analysis. Stresses emanating from ABE accumulation in the fermentation medium; redox balance perturbations; and repression of genes that code for the phosphotransferase system, cell motility and flagellar proteins (and combinations thereof) may have caused the premature termination of  C. beijerinckii  8052 growth and ABE production following furfural challenge at the solventogenic phase.This study provides insights into basis for metabolic engineering of  C. beijerinckii  NCIMB 8052 for enhanced tolerance of lignocellulose-derived microbial inhibitory compounds, thereby improving bioconversion of lignocellulose biomass hydrolysates to biofuels and chemicals. Indeed, two enzymes encoded by Cbei_3974 and Cbei_3904 belonging to aldo/keto reductase (AKR) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) families have been identified to be involved in furfural detoxification and tolerance.

Transcriptional analysis of Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 to elucidate role of furfural stress during acetone butanol ethanol fermentation