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Background   Jatropha curcas  L. is an oil seed producing non-leguminous tropical shrub that has good potential to be a fuel plant that can be cultivated on marginal land. Due to the low nutrient content of the targeted plantation area, the requirement for fertilizer is expected to be higher than other plants. This factor severely affects the commercial viability of  J. curcas .    Results  We explored the feasibility to use endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria that are native to  J. curcas  to improve plant growth, biomass and seed productivity. We demonstrated that a novel N-fixing endophyte,  Enterobacter  sp. R4-368, was able to colonize in root and stem tissues and significantly promoted early plant growth and seed productivity of  J. curcas  in sterilized and non-sterilized soil. Inoculation of young seedling led to an approximately 57.2% increase in seedling vigour over a six week period. At 90 days after planting, inoculated plants showed an average increase of 25.3%, 77.7%, 27.5%, 45.8% in plant height, leaf number, chlorophyll content and stem volume, respectively. Notably, inoculation of the strain led to a 49.0% increase in the average seed number per plant and 20% increase in the average single seed weight when plants were maintained for 1.5 years in non-sterilized soil in pots in the open air.  Enterobacter  sp. R4-368 cells were able to colonize root tissues and moved systemically to stem tissues. However, no bacteria were found in leaves. Promotion of plant growth and leaf nitrogen content by the strain was partially lost in  nifH ,  nifD ,  nifK  knockout mutants, suggesting the presence of other growth promoting factors that are associated with this bacterium strain.    Conclusion  Our results showed that  Enterobacter  sp. R4-368 significantly promoted growth and seed yield of  J. curcas.  The application of the strains is likely to significantly improve the commercial viability of  J. curcas  due to the reduced fertilizer cost and improved oil yield.

Improvement of plant growth and seed yield in Jatropha curcas by a novel nitrogen-fixing root associated Enterobacter species