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Background Due to the many similarities shared by humans and dogs, canine mammary tumors are an excellent model to comprehend various aspects of mammary neoplasias. The tumor cells have the ability to promote changes in their functionality in order to survive. In situations of hypoxia, tumor cells produce and release pro and antiangiogenic factors that regulate the process of angiogenesis. The hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF -1) is a central regulator of pathophysiological response of mammalian cells to low oxygen levels, able to activate transcription of the gene that promotes the induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),which in turn, promotes angiogenesis through its ability to stimulate growth, migration and invasion of endothelial cells, leading to the formation of new blood vessels and subsequent tumor growth. In this context, the aim of this study was to measure serum levels of VEGF and HIF-1 and to relate with clinicopathological parameters and survival.

Serum and molecular assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in canine mammary tumors