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Background Heavy metals used in industrial and household applications can pose harmful health effects. Tungsten alloys (WAs) have been widely used in many engineering, automotive and marine applications. In military operations, WAs containing tungsten (W; 91% w/w), nickel (Ni; 6% w/w) and cobalt (Co; 3% w/w) have been deployed in armor-penetrating munitions as substitutes for depleted uranium. Despite widespread use, a clear understanding of the potential effects of WAs on physiological processes and gene expression is not available. WAs have carcinogenic potential as demonstrated by cancer development in rats with intramuscular implanted WA pellets. This suggests a potential involvement of epigenetic events previously implicated as environmental triggers of cancer. In the present study, we have attempted to unravel WAmediated alterations in gene expression and gene-specific epigenetic modifications at the genome-wide level.

Discovering epigenetic changes in response to tungsten-alloy treatment using next-generation sequencing technologies