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Background  Sulfonamide resistance is very common in  Escherichia coli . The aim of this study was to characterize plasmids carrying sulfonamide resistance genes ( sul1 ,  sul2  and  sul3 ) in  E. coli  isolated from pigs and humans with a specific objective to assess the genetic diversity of plasmids involved in the mobility of  sul  genes.    Methods  A total of 501  E. coli  isolates from pig feces, pig carcasses and human stools were tested for their susceptibility to selected antimicrobial. Multiplex PCR was conducted to detect the presence of three  sul  genes among the sulfonamide-resistant  E. coli  isolates. Fifty-seven sulfonamide-resistant  E. coli  were selected based on presence of  sul  resistance genes and subjected to conjugation and/or transformation experiments. S1 nuclease digestion followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to visualize and determine the size of plasmids. Plasmids carrying  sul  genes were characterized by PCR-based replicon typing to allow a comparison of the types of  sul  genes, the reservoir and plasmid present.    Results  A total of 109/501 isolates exhibited sulfonamide resistance. The relative prevalences of s ul  genes from the three reservoirs (pigs, pig carcasses and humans) were 65%, 45% and 12% for  sul2 ,  sul1 , and  sul3 , respectively. Transfer of resistance through conjugation was observed in 42/57 isolates. Resistances to streptomycin, ampicillin and trimethoprim were co-transferred in most strains. Class 1 integrons were present in 80% of s ul1 -carrying plasmids and 100% of  sul3 -carrying plasmids, but only in 5% of  sul2 -carrying plasmids. The  sul  plasmids ranged from 33 to 160-kb in size and belonged to nine different incompatibility (Inc) groups: FII, FIB, I1, FIA, B/O, FIC, N, HI1 and X1. IncFII was the dominant type in  sul2 -carrying plasmids (52%), while IncI1 was the most common type in  sul1  and  sul3 -carrying plasmids (33% and 45%, respectively). Multireplicons were found associated with all three  sul  genes.    Conclusions   Sul  genes were distributed widely in  E. coli  isolated from pigs and humans with  sul2  being most prevalent.  Sul -carrying plasmids belonged to diverse replicon types, but most of detected plasmids were conjugative enabling horizontal transfer. IncFII seems to be the dominant replicon type in  sul2 -carrying plasmids from all three sources.

Prevalence and characterization of plasmids carrying sulfonamide resistance genes among Escherichia coli from pigs, pig carcasses and human