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Background HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of developing anal squamous cell carcinoma. High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-AIN or AIN2/3) is the consequence of persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses and is a precursor to cancer. No biomarkers exist to identify patients with HGAIN at risk of malignant progression. We investigated two candidate biomarkers of genomic instability, gamma-tubulin and 53BP1, in a series of anal biopsies from HIV+ MSM by immunofluorescence microscopy. Gamma-tubulin staining is used to assess centrosome abnormalities as a potential source of cell division errors and aneuploidy, while staining for 53BP1 nuclear foci reflects the presence of DNA double strand breaks. Materials and methods Anal biopsies were obtained from HIV+ MSM undergoing high-resolution anoscopy and reported using the Bethesda 2001 classification system as AIN1 through 3 or carcinoma. Normal colonic tissue served as controls. The percentage of cells with abnormal centrosome number (more than two per cell) and DNA damageassociated 53BP1 foci was assessed and correlated with the histopathological diagnosis. Eighty-eight biopsies were stained for gamma-tubulin, and ninety biopsies were stained for 53BP1. Results The mean percentage of cells with abnormal centrosomes was 1.5% in AIN1, 1.3% in AIN2, and 0.9% in AIN3. No controls showed centrosome aberrations. A single biopsy diagnosed as carcinoma contained 16.1% cells with abnormal centrosomes. The mean percentage of cells with abnormal 53BP1 foci was 2.5% in controls, 17% in AIN1, 18.5% in AIN2, and 5.2% in AIN3. Higher levels of abnormal 53BP1 foci were seen in AIN1 and AIN2 compared to controls based on pair-wise comparisons between control and AIN1 (p=0.0008) and control and AIN2 (p=0.0030) using the Mann Whitney test. Lower levels of 53BP1 foci were seen in AIN3 compared to AIN1 and 2 based on pair-wise comparisons between AIN1 versus AIN3 (p=0.0034) and between AIN2 versus AIN3 (p=0.0056). Conclusion

Gamma-tubulin and 53BP1 as candidate biomarkers of human papillomavirus-associated anal dysplasia