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Background  The spindle checkpoint delays the onset of anaphase until all sister chromatids are aligned properly at the metaphase plate. To investigate the role  san-1 , the MAD3 homologue, has in  Caenorhabditis elegans  embryos we used RNA interference (RNAi) to identify genes synthetic lethal with the viable  san-1(ok1580)  deletion mutant.    Results  The  san-1(ok1580)  animal has low penetrating phenotypes including an increased incidence of males, larvae arrest, slow growth, protruding vulva, and defects in vulva morphogenesis. We found that the viability of  san-1(ok1580)  embryos is significantly reduced when HCP-1 (CENP-F homologue), MDF-1 (MAD-1 homologue), MDF-2 (MAD-2 homologue) or BUB-3 (predicted BUB-3 homologue) are reduced by RNAi. Interestingly, the viability of  san-1(ok1580)  embryos is not significantly reduced when the paralog of HCP-1, HCP-2, is reduced. The phenotype of  san-1(ok1580);hcp-1(RNAi)  embryos includes embryonic and larval lethality, abnormal organ development, and an increase in abnormal chromosome segregation (aberrant mitotic nuclei, anaphase bridging). Several of the  san-1(ok1580);hcp-1(RNAi)  animals displayed abnormal kinetochore (detected by MPM-2) and microtubule structure. The survival of  mdf-2(RNAi);hcp-1(RNAi)  embryos but not  bub-3(RNAi);hcp-1(RNAi)  embryos was also compromised. Finally, we found that  san-1(ok1580)  and  bub-3(RNAi) , but not  hcp-1(RNAi)  embryos, were sensitive to anoxia, suggesting that like SAN-1, BUB-3 has a functional role as a spindle checkpoint protein.    Conclusion  Together, these data suggest that in the  C. elegans  embryo, HCP-1 interacts with a subset of the spindle checkpoint pathway. Furthermore, the fact that  san-1(ok1580);hcp-1(RNAi)  animals had a severe viability defect whereas in the  san-1(ok1580);hcp-2(RNAi)  and  san-1(ok1580);hcp-2(ok1757)  animals the viability defect was not as severe suggesting that  hcp-1  and  hcp-2  are not completely redundant.

Genetic analysis of the spindle checkpoint genes san-1, mdf-2, bub-3 and the CENP-F homologues hcp-1 and hcp-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans