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Background   Anaplasma phagocytophilum  is a Gram-negative bacterium that replicates obligate intracellularly in neutrophils. It is transmitted by  Ixodes  spp. ticks and causes acute febrile disease in humans, dogs, horses, cats, and livestock. Because  A. phagocytophilum  is not transmitted transovarially in  Ixodes  spp., it is thought to depend on reservoir hosts to complete its life cycle. In Europe,  A. phagocytophilum  was detected in roe deer, red deer, wild boars, and small mammals. In contrast to roe deer, red deer and wild boars have been considered as reservoir hosts for granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, dogs, and horses according to  groESL - and  ankA -based genotyping.  A. phagocytophilum  variants infecting small mammals in Europe have not been characterized extensively to date.    Results  We amplified the total  ankA  open reading frames of 27 strains from voles and shrews. The analysis revealed that they harboured  A. phagocytophilum  strains that belonged to a distinct newly described  ankA  gene cluster. Further, we provide evidence that the heterogeneity of  ankA  gene sequences might have arisen via recombination.    Conclusions  Based on  ankA -based genotyping voles and shrews are unlikely reservoir hosts for granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans, dogs, horses, and livestock in Europe.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from voles and shrews exhibit specific ankA gene sequences