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Background  In pigs little is known about the role of innate immune defence in bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, despite their major role in pig production. In the present study we characterized and compared  in vitro  and  in vivo  activation of immune markers of different pig breeds 7 days before, and 4 and 21 days after an experimental aerosol infection with  Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae .    Results   In vitro  stimulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood leukocytes with  A. pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis , PMA and LPS led to production of different amounts of H 2 O 2 , NO and TNF-α, depending on the stimulus, individual, breed and time of infection. Generally, significant responses to  in vitro  stimulation were observed only in blood leukocytes, whereas the alveolar macrophages showed a high basal activation. In addition, the production of haptoglobin and cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-10)  in vivo  was measured in plasma and BALF. Plasma haptoglobin levels mirrored the clinical manifestations at 4 days post-infection. In plasma and BALF TNF-α could not be detected, whereas variable levels of IFN-γ were found at pre- and post-infection times. IL-10 was found in some plasma but in none of the BALF samples. The different expression levels in individuals within the breeds correlated for some markers with the severity of clinical manifestations, e.g. H 2 O 2,  plasma haptoglobin and BALF IFN-γ for German Landrace pigs.    Conclusion  Our findings revealed differences in the activation of the immune markers with respect to infection time, individuals and breeds. Moreover, results showed different correlation grades between the immune markers produced  in vitro  or  in vivo  and the clinical manifestations. Further analyses will have to show whether these markers may serve as correlates of protection against porcine respiratory infections.

Expression levels of immune markers in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infected pigs and their relation to breed and clinical symptoms