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Background  Swine barn air contains endotoxin and many other noxious agents. Single or multiple exposures to pig barn air induces lung inflammation and loss of lung function. However, we do not know the effect of exposure to pig barn air on inflammatory response in the lungs following a secondary infection. Therefore, we tested a hypothesis that single or multiple exposures to barn air will result in exaggerated lung inflammation in response to a secondary insult with  Escherichia coli  LPS ( E. coli  LPS).    Methods  We exposed Sprague-Dawley rats to ambient (N = 12) or swine barn air (N = 24) for one or five days and then half (N = 6/group) of these rats received intravenous  E. coli  LPS challenge, observed for six hours and then euthanized to collect lung tissues for histology, immunohistochemistry and ELISA to assess lung inflammation.    Results  Compared to controls, histological signs of lung inflammation were evident in barn exposed rat lungs. Rats exposed to barn air for one or five days and challenged with  E. coli  LPS showed increased recruitment of granulocytes compared to those exposed only to the barn. Control, one and five day barn exposed rats that were challenged with  E. coli  LPS showed higher levels of IL-1β in the lungs compared to respective groups not challenged with  E. coli  LPS. The levels of TNF-α in the lungs did not differ among any of the groups. Control rats without  E. coli  LPS challenge showed higher levels of TGF-β2 compared to controls challenged with  E. coli  LPS.    Conclusion  These results show that lungs of rats exposed to pig barn air retain the ability to respond to  E. coli  LPS challenge.

Lung responses to secondary endotoxin challenge in rats exposed to pig barn air