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Background  There is biological evidence that the brain opioidergic system plays a critical role in the addictive properties of nicotine. The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and the MOR-interacting proteins (including  OPRM1 ,  ARRB2 , and  HINT1 ) with smoking behaviors in Chinese men.    Methods  A total of 284 subjects (including current and ex-smokers) were recruited. Special questionnaires were used to assess smoking behaviors including age of smoking initiation, daily cigarette consumption, and Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) score. Participant samples were genotyped for six SNPs in the opioid pathway genes: rs1799971 in  OPRM1 , rs1045280, rs2036657 and rs3786047 in  ARRB2 , rs3852209 and rs2278060 in  HINT1 . Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine single-locus and haplotype-based association analyses.    Results  There was no significant association between any of SNPs analyzed and smoking behaviors. Logistic regression analyses under dominant, recessive, and additive models showed no significant associations of the six SNPs with smoking status (current vs. ex-smokers). After adjustment for age at enrollment and smoking initiation age,  HINT1  rs3852209 was significantly associated with smoking status with an OR of 0.54 (95% CI, 0.31-0.95;  P  = 0.03) under dominant inheritance model. No haplotypes in  ARRB2  or  HINT1  were related to smoking status.    Conclusions  The present study indicates no significant association between common genetic variations in MOR and MOR-interacting proteins and smoking behaviors in Chinese men, and gives suggestive evidence that  HINT1  rs3852209 may be related to smoking status. The findings require confirmation from further studies in additional larger samples.

Association between Common Genetic Variants in the Opioid Pathway and Smoking Behaviors in Chinese Men