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Background  Prior studies have demonstrated a link between air pollution and metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes. Changes in adipose tissue and its mitochondrial content/function are closely associated with the development of insulin resistance and attendant metabolic complications. We investigated changes in adipose tissue structure and function in brown and white adipose depots in response to chronic ambient air pollutant exposure in a rodent model.    Methods  Male ApoE knockout (ApoE -/- ) mice inhaled concentrated fine ambient PM (PM < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM 2.5 ) or filtered air (FA) for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 2 months. We examined superoxide production by dihydroethidium staining; inflammatory responses by immunohistochemistry; and changes in white and brown adipocyte-specific gene profiles by real-time PCR and mitochondria by transmission electron microscopy in response to PM 2.5  exposure in different adipose depots of ApoE -/-  mice to understand responses to chronic inhalational stimuli.    Results  Exposure to PM 2.5  induced an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in brown adipose depots. Additionally, exposure to PM 2.5  decreased expression of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue as measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Mitochondrial number was significantly reduced in white (WAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT), while mitochondrial size was also reduced in BAT. In BAT, PM 2.5  exposure down-regulated brown adipocyte-specific genes, while white adipocyte-specific genes were differentially up-regulated.    Conclusions  PM 2.5  exposure triggers oxidative stress in BAT, and results in key alterations in mitochondrial gene expression and mitochondrial alterations that are pronounced in BAT. We postulate that exposure to PM 2.5  may induce imbalance between white and brown adipose tissue functionality and thereby predispose to metabolic dysfunction.

Ambient particulate air pollution induces oxidative stress and alterations of mitochondria and gene expression in brown and white adipose tissues