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Background  Protein energy malnutrition is commonly associated with immune dysfunctions and is a major factor in susceptibility to infectious diseases.    Methods  In this study, we evaluated the impact of protein energy malnutrition on the capacity of monocytes and macrophages to upregulate arginase, an enzyme associated with immunosuppression and increased pathogen replication.    Results  Our results show that monocytes and macrophages are significantly increased in the bone marrow and blood of mice fed on a protein low diet. No alteration in the capacity of bone marrow derived macrophages isolated from malnourished mice to phagocytose particles, to produce the microbicidal molecule nitric oxide and to kill intracellular  Leishmania  parasites was detected. However, macrophages and monocytes from malnourished mice express significantly more arginase both  in vitro  and  in vivo . Using an experimental model of visceral leishmaniasis, we show that following protein energy malnutrition, the increased parasite burden measured in the spleen of these mice coincided with increased arginase activity and that macrophages provide a more permissive environment for parasite growth.    Conclusions  Taken together, these results identify a novel mechanism in protein energy malnutrition that might contributes to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases by upregulating arginase activity in myeloid cells.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-7075-11-51) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Protein energy malnutrition increases arginase activity in monocytes and macrophages