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Background  Human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has been widely explored as a gene delivery vector for a variety of diseases. Many target cells, however, express low levels of Ad5 native receptor, the Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor (CAR), and thus are resistant to Ad5 infection. The Protein Transduction Domain of the HIV Tat protein, namely PTD tat , has been shown to mediate protein transduction in a wide range of cells. We hypothesize that re-targeting Ad5 vector via the PTD tat  motif would improve the efficacy of Ad5-mediated gene delivery.    Results  In this study, we genetically incorporated the PTD tat  motif into the knob domain of Ad5 fiber, and rescued the resultant viral vector, Ad5.PTD tat . Our data showed the modification did not interfere with Ad5 binding to its native receptor CAR, suggesting Ad5 infection via the CAR pathway is retained. In addition, we found that Ad5.PTD tat  exhibited enhanced gene transfer efficacy in all of the cell lines that we have tested, which included both low-CAR and high-CAR decorated cells. Competitive inhibition assays suggested the enhanced infectivity of Ad5.PTD tat  was mediated by binding of the positively charged PTD tat  peptide to the negatively charged epitopes on the cells' surface. Furthermore, we investigated  in vivo  gene delivery efficacy of Ad5.PTD tat  using subcutaneous tumor models established with U118MG glioma cells, and found that Ad5.PTD tat  exhibited enhanced gene transfer efficacy compared to unmodified Ad5 vector as analyzed by a non-invasive fluorescence imaging technique.    Conclusion  Genetic incorporation of the PTD tat  motif into Ad5 fiber allowed Ad5 vectors to infect cells via an alternative PTD tat  targeting motif while retaining the native CAR-mediated infection pathway. The enhanced infectivity was demonstrated in both cultured cells and in  in vivo  tumor models. Taken together, our study identifies a novel tropism expanded Ad5 vector that may be useful for clinical gene therapy applications.

Genetic incorporation of the protein transduction domain of Tat into Ad5 fiber enhances gene transfer efficacy