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Background  Using a murine model of parainfluenza virus infection (mPIV1 or Sendai virus; SeV), we compared the inflammatory responses to lethal and sub-lethal infections in inbred DBA/2 mice.    Methods  Mice were intranasally inoculated with either 1.6×10 3  or 1.6×10 5  infectious units (IU) of SeV or diluent control. Clinical data including daily weights, oxygen saturation, and lung function via whole body plethysmography were collected on days 0, 3–7, and 9–14. Clarified whole lung homogenates were evaluated for inflammatory markers by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using ANOVA or Student t-tests, as appropriate.    Results  Mice inoculated with 1.6×10 5  IU of SeV developed a lethal infection with 100% mortality by day 7, while mice inoculated with 1.6×10 3  IU developed a clinically significant infection, with universal weight loss but only 32% mortality. Interestingly, peak virus recovery from the lungs of mice inoculated with 1.6×10 5  IU of SeV did not differ substantially from that detected in mice that received the 100-fold lower inoculum. In contrast, concentrations of CCL5 (RANTES), CCL11 (eotaxin), interferon-γ, CXCL10 (IP-10), and CCL3 (MIP-1α) were significantly higher in lung tissue homogenates from mice inoculated with 1.6×10 5  IU (p < 0.05). In the lethal infection, levels of CCL11, interferon- γ and CCL3 all correlated strongly with disease severity.    Conclusion  We observed that severity of SeV-infection in DBA/2 mice was not associated with virus recovery but rather with the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, specifically CCL11, interferon- γ and CCL3, detected in lung tissue in response to SeV infection.

Local production of CCL3, CCL11, and IFN-γ correlates with disease severity in murine parainfluenza virus infection