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Background  The genus  Mantella , endemic poison frogs of Madagascar with 16 described species, are known in the field of international pet trade and entered under the CITES control for the last four years. The phylogeny and phylogeography of this genus have been recently subject of study for conservation purposes. Here we report on the studies of the phylogeography of the  Mantella cowani  group using a fragment of 453 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome  b  gene from 195 individuals from 21 localities. This group is represented by five forms:  M. cowani , a critically endangered species, a vulnerable species,  M. haraldmeieri , and the non-threatened  M. baroni, M . aff.  baroni , and  M. nigricans .    Results  The Bayesian phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses revealed the presence of three separated haplotype clades: (1)  M. baroni, M . aff.  baroni, M. nigricans , and putative hybrids of  M. cowani  and  M. baroni , (2)  M. cowani  and putative hybrids of  M. cowani  and  M. baroni , and (3)  M. haraldmeieri . The putative hybrids were collected from sites where  M. cowani  and  M. baroni  live in sympatry.    Conclusion  These results suggest (a) a probable hybridization between  M. cowani  and  M. baroni , (b) a lack of genetic differentiation between  M. baroni/M . aff.  baroni  and  M. nigricans , (c) evidence of recent gene-flow between the northern ( M. nigricans ), eastern ( M. baroni ), and south-eastern ( M . aff.  baroni ) forms of distinct coloration, and (d) the existence of at least three units for conservation in the  Mantella cowani  group.

Evidence for recent gene flow between north-eastern and south-eastern Madagascan poison frogs from a phylogeography of the Mantella cowani group