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Background  Ants use the odour of the colony to discriminate nestmates. In some species, this odour is learned during the first days following emergence, and thus early experience has a strong influence on nestmate discrimination. Slave-making ants are social parasites that capture brood of other ant species to increase the worker force of their colony. After emerging in the slave-maker nest, slave workers work as if they were in their own colony. We tested the hypothesis that early experience allows the deception of commonly enslaved species, while non-host species use a different mechanism, which does not involve learning.    Results  Pupae of a host species,  Temnothorax unifasciatus , and a non-host species,  T. parvulus , were allowed to emerge in the presence of workers of one of two slave-maker species,  Chalepoxenus muellerianus  or  Myrmoxenus ravouxi . When  T. unifasciatus  was exposed to slave-makers for 10 days following emergence, they were more aggressive towards their own sisters and groomed the slave-maker more.  T. parvulus  gave a less clear result: while workers behaved more aggressively towards their sisters when exposed early to  C. muellerianus  workers, this was not the case when exposed early to  M. ravouxi  workers. Moreover,  T. parvulus  workers allogroomed conspecific nestmates less than  T. unifasciatus . Allogrooming activity might be very important for the slave-makers because they are tended by their slaves.    Conclusion  Our findings show that early experience influences nestmate discrimination in the ant  T. unifasciatus  and can account for the successful enslavement of this species. However, the non-host species  T. parvulus  is less influenced by the early environment. This might help to explain why this species is never used by social parasites.

Role of early experience in ant enslavement: a comparative analysis of a host and a non-host species