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Background  Bivalve teredinids inflict great destruction to wooden maritime structures. Yet no comprehensive study was ever carried out on these organisms in European coastal waters. Thus, the aims of this study were to: investigate the diversity of teredinids in European coastal waters; map their past and recent distributions to detect range expansion or contraction; determine salinity-temperature ( S-T ) requirements of species; flag, for future monitoring, the species that pose the greatest hazard for wooden structures.    Results  A total of nine teredinid species were found established in European coastal waters. Seven were considered cryptogenic, of unknown origin, and two were considered alien species.  Teredo navalis  and  Nototeredo norvagica  were the species with the widest distribution in European waters. Recently,  T. navalis  has been reported occurring further east in the Baltic Sea but it was not found at a number of sites on the Atlantic coast of southern Europe. The Atlantic lineage of  Lyrodus pedicellatus  was the dominant teredinid in the southern Atlantic coast of Europe. In the Mediterranean six teredinid species occurred in sympatry, whereas only three of these occurred in the Black Sea. The species that pose the greatest hazard to wooden maritime structures in European coastal areas are  T. navalis  and the two lineages of  L. pedicellatus .    Conclusions  Combined data from field surveys and from the literature made it possible to determine the diversity of established teredinid species and their past and recent distribution in Europe. The environmental requirements of species, determined using climatic envelopes, produced valuable information that assisted on the explanation of species distribution. In addition, the observed trends of species range extension or contraction in  Teredo navalis  and in the two lineages of  Lyrodus pedicellatus  seem to emphasise the importance of temperature and salinity as determinants of the distribution of teredinids, whereas their life history strategy seems to play an important role on competition.   Teredo navalis  and  pedicellatus -like  Lyrodus  species should be monitored due to their destructive capability. The two alien species may expand further their distribution range in Europe, becoming invasive, and should also be monitored.

Diversity, environmental requirements, and biogeography of bivalve wood-borers (Teredinidae) in European coastal waters