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Background Natural killer (NK) cells inhibit lentiviral replication both directly and indirectly, but substantial evidence also indicates HIV/SIV can induce NK cell dysfunction. NK cells can be subdivided based on expression of CD56 and CD16. In blood, cytotoxic CD16+ NK cells are the dominant subpopulation, while cytokine-secreting CD56+ and double-negative (DN) NK cells are the primary NK cells found in lymph nodes (LN). Furthermore, CD56+ and DN NK are thought to be precursor populations, whereas CD16+ NK cells are terminally differentiated. The effects of HIV/SIV infection on NK cell distribution, trafficking, and development are unclear. Methods

Chronic SIV infection induces differentiation and accumulation of cytotoxic CD16+ NK cells in lymph nodes followed by transmigration to the mucosae