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Background  Data on the evolution of natural SIV infection in chimpanzees (SIVcpz) and on the impact of SIV on local ape populations are only available for Eastern African chimpanzee subspecies ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii ), and no data exist for Central chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes troglodytes ), the natural reservoir of the ancestors of HIV-1 in humans. Here, we report a case of naturally-acquired SIVcpz infection in a  P.t.troglodytes  chimpanzee with clinical and biological data and analysis of viral evolution over the course of infection.    Results  A male chimpanzee (Cam155), 1.5 years, was seized in southern Cameroon in November 2003 and screened SIV positive during quarantine. Clinical follow-up and biological analyses have been performed for 7 years and showed a significant decline of CD4 counts (1,380 cells/mm 3  in 2004 vs 287 in 2009), a severe thrombocytopenia (130,000 cells/mm 3  in 2004 vs 5,000 cells/mm 3  in 2009), a weight loss of 21.8% from August 2009 to January 2010 (16 to 12.5 kg) and frequent periods of infections with diverse pathogens.  DNA from PBMC, leftover from clinical follow-up samples collected in 2004 and 2009, was used to amplify overlapping fragments and sequence two full-length SIVcpz Ptt -Cam155 genomes. SIVcpz Ptt -Cam155 was phylogenetically related to other SIVcpz Ptt  from Cameroon (SIVcpz Ptt -Cam13) and Gabon (SIVcpz Ptt -Gab1). Ten molecular clones 5 years apart, spanning the V1V4 gp120  env  region (1,100 bp), were obtained. Analyses of the  env  region showed positive selection (dN-dS >0), intra-host length variation and extensive amino acid diversity between clones, greater in 2009. Over 5 years, N-glycosylation site frequency significantly increased (p < 0.0001).    Conclusions  Here, we describe for the first time the clinical history and viral evolution of a naturally SIV infected  P.t.troglodytes  chimpanzee. The findings show an increasing viral diversity over time and suggest clinical progression to an AIDS-like disease, showing that SIVcpz can be pathogenic in its host, as previously described in  P.t.schweinfurthii . Although studying the impact of SIV infection in wild apes is difficult, efforts should be made to better characterize the pathogenicity of the ancestors of HIV-1 in their natural host and to find out whether SIV infection also plays a role in ape population decline.

retrovirology

Characterization of a new simian immunodeficiency virus strain in a naturally infected Pan troglodytes troglodyteschimpanzee with AIDS related symptoms