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Background  The pig-tailed macaques are the only Old World monkeys known to be susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We have previously reported that the  TRIM5-Cyclophilin A  ( TRIMCyp ) fusion in pig-tailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) is dysfunctional in restricting HIV-1, which may explain why pig-tailed macaques are susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Similar results have also been reported by other groups. However, according to the current primate taxonomy, the previously reported  M. nemestrina  are further classified into three species, which all belong to the  Macaca spp . This calls for the need to look into the previous studies in more details.    Results  The local species Northern pig-tailed macaque ( M. leonina ) was analyzed for the correlation of  TRIM5  structure and HIV-1 infection. Eleven  M. leonina  animals were analyzed, and all of them were found to possess  TRIM5-CypA  fusion at the  TRIM5  locus. The transcripts encoding the dysfunctional  TRIM5-CypA  should result from the G-to-T mutation in the 3'-splicing site of intron 6. Polymorphism in the putative TRIMCyp recognition domain was observed. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of  M. leonina  were susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Consistent with the previous results, expression of the  M. leonina  TRIMCyp in HeLa-T4 cells rendered the cells resistant to HIV-2 ROD  but not to SIVmac239 infection.    Conclusion  The susceptibility of  M. leonina  to HIV-1 infection is due to the dysfunctional  TRIM5-CypA  fusion in the  TRIM5  locus. This finding should broaden our perspective in developing better HIV/AIDS non-human primate animal models.

retrovirology

Genotyping of TRIM5 locus in northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina), a primate species susceptible to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 infection