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Background   Polycomb-group genes  ( PcG ) encode proteins that maintain homeotic ( Hox ) gene repression throughout development. Conversely,  trithorax-group  ( trxG ) genes encode positive factors required for maintenance of long term  Hox  gene activation. Both kinds of factors bind chromatin regions called maintenance elements (ME). Our previous work has shown that  corto , which codes for a chromodomain protein, and  dsp1 , which codes for an HMGB protein, belong to a class of genes called the  Enhancers of trithorax and Polycomb  ( ETP ) that interact with both  PcG  and  trxG . Moreover,  dsp1  interacts with the  Hox  gene  Scr , the DSP1 protein is present on a  Scr  ME in S2 cells but not in embryos. To understand better the role of  ETP , we addressed genetic and molecular interactions between  corto  and  dsp1 .    Results  We show that Corto and DSP1 proteins co-localize at 91 sites on polytene chromosomes and co-immunoprecipitate in embryos. They interact directly through the DSP1 HMG-boxes and the amino-part of Corto, which contains a chromodomain. In order to search for a common target, we performed a genetic interaction analysis. We observed that  corto  mutants suppressed  dsp1 1   sex comb phenotypes and enhanced  Antp Scx   phenotypes, suggesting that  corto  and  dsp1  are simultaneously involved in the regulation of  Scr . Using chromatin immunoprecipitation of the  Scr  ME, we found that Corto was present on this ME both in  Drosophila  S2 cells and in embryos, whereas DSP1 was present only in S2 cells.    Conclusion  Our results reveal that the proteins Corto and DSP1 are differently recruited to a  Scr  ME depending on whether the ME is active, as seen in S2 cells, or inactive, as in most embryonic cells. The presence of a given combination of ETPs on an ME would control the recruitment of either PcG or TrxG complexes, propagating the silenced or active state.

Corto and DSP1 interact and bind to a maintenance element of the Scr Hox gene: understanding the role of Enhancers of trithorax and Polycomb