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Ad hoc networks are wireless mobile networks that can operate withoutinfrastructure and without centralized network management. Traditionaltechniques of routing are not well adapted. Indeed, their lack of reactivitywith respect to the variability of network changes makes them difficult to use.Moreover, conserving energy is a critical concern in the design of routingprotocols for ad hoc networks, because most mobile nodes operate with limitedbattery capacity, and the energy depletion of a node affects not only the nodeitself but also the overall network lifetime. In all proposed single-pathrouting schemes a new path-discovery process is required once a path failure isdetected, and this process causes delay and wastage of node resources. Amultipath routing scheme is an alternative to maximize the network lifetime. Inthis paper, we propose an energy-efficient multipath routing protocol, calledAOMR-LM (Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Routing with Lifetime Maximization), whichpreserves the residual energy of nodes and balances the consumed energy toincrease the network lifetime. To achieve this goal, we used the residualenergy of nodes for calculating the node energy level. The multipath selectionmechanism uses this energy level to classify the paths. Two parameters areanalyzed: the energy threshold beta and the coefficient alpha. These parametersare required to classify the nodes and to ensure the preservation of nodeenergy. Our protocol improves the performance of mobile ad hoc networks byprolonging the lifetime of the network. This novel protocol has been comparedwith other protocols: AOMDV and ZD-AOMDV. The protocol performance has beenevaluated in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption, and end-to-enddelay.

A multipath energy-conserving routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks lifetime improvement