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The killing effect of nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO 2 ) nanoparticles on human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells by visible light photodynamic therapy (PDT) was higher than that of TiO 2  nanoparticles. To study the mechanism of the killing effect, the reactive oxygen species produced by the visible-light-activated N-TiO 2  and pure-TiO 2  were evaluated and compared. The changes of the cellular parameters, such as the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular Ca 2+ , and nitrogen monoxide (NO) concentrations after PDT were measured and compared for N-TiO 2 - and TiO 2 -treated HeLa cells. The N-TiO 2  resulted in more loss of MMP and higher increase of Ca 2+  and NO in HeLa cells than pure TiO 2 . The cell morphology changes with time were also examined by a confocal microscope. The cells incubated with N-TiO 2  exhibited serious distortion and membrane breakage at 60 min after the PDT.

Comparison of the killing effects between nitrogen-doped and pure TiO2 on HeLa cells with visible light irradiation