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Background Blood flow in the left ventricle (LV) is closely linked to the function of valves, great vessels and the myocardium. Previous studies have used the Pressure Poisson Equation (PPE) to compute relative pressure fields from 4D flow data. However, the PPE may be numerically sensitive to errors in velocities and delineations. Hemodynamic forces is a quantitative measure similar to relative pressure maps, which may be less sensitive to errors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the reproducibility of hemodynamic force quantification, and to present initial observations in controls, elite endurance athletes and patients with heart failure.

Intracardiac hemodynamic forces using 4D flow: a new reproducible method applied to healthy controls, elite athletes and heart failure patients