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Background Accurately measuring blood flow volume is paramount in patients with arterial valve disease. Flow measurements are important components of a CMR report and provide the referring clinicians with valuable information from which to base further clinical management. There are many factors which influence the quality and reliability of flow data including; slice positioning, velocity encoding mismatching, temporal resolution, and turbulence. Turbulence can be caused when vavular pathology is present. Blood flowing through the valve will become non laminar, and eddies and swirls which are produced can lead to signal dropout. (Figure 1). Methods A retrospective study conducted at our centre analysed vavular flow reports in 25 patients with pulmonary valve (PV) assessment from Sept 2011 present. A stack of measurements ranging from 3-6 slices were taken across the PV (Figure 2), and the following data recorded:

Phase contrast flow imaging in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR): Imaging turbulent blood flow