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Background Time-resolved three-dimensional phase contrast CMR (4D flow) is a powerful tool for hemodynamic assessment in the cardiovascular system. However, long scan times have hindered the application of the method in many cases. By using spiral readout trajectories, improved efficiency provides a means of reducing scan times without decreasing SNR. Furthermore, spiral acquisition offers increased robustness in areas with accelerating flow. Spiral readouts have previously been used for rapid 4D flow measurements in the aorta using prospective gating [1]. Using retrospective gating, the entire cardiac cycle is covered, which allows analysis of late diastole and tracking of blood over a complete cardiac cycle. These are crucial for cardiac 4D flow studies, and allow for pathline based data quality assessment. The aim of this work is to develop a retrospectively gated 4D flow sequence using a stack of spiral readouts for the measurement of intra-cardiac velocities.

Retrospectively gated intra-cardiac 4D flow CMR using spiral k-space trajectories