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Background The right ventricular (RV) morphology and function are important parameters for the diagnosis of cardiopulmonary diseases and serve as predictors for the longterm outcome. To date there are little data about right heart characteristics due to its complex anatomy. Since cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold-standard for the evaluation of left and right cardiac anatomy and function we sought to investigate and provide reference values for the entire right heart acquired in a large population of healthy volunteers. Methods We studied a group 119 healthy volunteers (60 male, 59 female) which consisted of three age groups of nearly equal size (I: 20-34 yrs.,II: 35-49 yrs.,III: ≥50 yrs.). CMR images were acquired on a 1.5 T whole body MRI applying a standard cine SSFP sequence. Right atrial (RA) function and morphology as well as RV sizes were assessed in a 4-chamber view. For the measurement of the RV volumes and function short axis views were used. End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and diameters (EDV, ESV, EDD, ESD), RV stroke volume and ejection fraction (SV, EF) were measured. As the emptying of the RA is a combination of active and passive mechanisms we tried to quantify the contribution of the contraction by measuring the RA contractive stroke volume (RA CSV) and ejection fraction (RA CEF). Furthermore the RV end-diastolic and end-systolic length (EDL, ESL) and the RA end-diastolic and endsystolic area (EDA, ESA) were quantified. Body surface area (BSA) was calculated using the Mosteller formula. A p-value <0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results

Reference values for right atrial and right ventricular morphology and function using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging