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Radiofrequency ablation of foci in pulmonary veins has emerged as a therapeutic option for patients with medically refractory atrial fibrillation or those unable to tolerate drugs. Preprocedural imaging is important and is being increasingly utilized to assess pulmonary venous anatomy. Contrast enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography (CEMRA) has been shown to be an efficient modality for assessment of pulmonary veins with excellent spatial resolution without any exposure to radiation and iodinated contrast. However, CE-MRA is operator dependant and requires patient cooperation for breath holding. Additionally, high dose gadolinium use has been recently reported to be associated with the occurrence of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF) in certain patients including renal disease patients. Recently, three dimensional navigator gated free breathing selective steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequence has been employed to display non-contrast MR angiography of the heart and great vessels. The SSFP causes inherent high contrast between the blood pool and background tissues in the body due to high T2/T1 ratio.

156 Pulmonary vein imaging by 3D non-contrast, free breathing SSFP MR angiography; a novel technique