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Background  Although  Toxoplasma gondii  infection is normally asymptomatic, severe cases of toxoplasmosis may occur in immunosuppressed patients or congenitally infected newborns. When a fetal infection is established, the recommended treatment is a combination of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid (PSA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of azithromycin to control  T. gondii  infection in human villous explants.    Methods  Cultures of third trimester human villous explants were infected with  T. gondii  and simultaneously treated with either PSA or azithromycin. Proliferation of  T. gondii , as well as production of cytokines and hormones by chorionic villous explants, was analyzed.    Results  Treatment with either azithromycin or PSA was able to control  T. gondii  infection in villous explants. After azithromycin or PSA treatment, TNF-α, IL-17A or TGF-β1 levels secreted by infected villous explants did not present significant differences. However, PSA-treated villous explants had decreased levels of IL-10 and increased IL-12 levels, while treatment with azithromycin increased production of IL-6. Additionally,  T. gondii -infected villous explants increased secretion of estradiol, progesterone and HCG + β, while treatments with azithromycin or PSA reduced secretion of these hormones concurrently with decrease of parasite load.    Conclusions  In conclusion, these results suggest that azithromycin may be defined as an effective alternative drug to control  T. gondii  infection at the fetal-maternal interface.

Azithromycin is able to control Toxoplasma gondii infection in human villous explants