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Background  Female reproductive health is noticeably compromised by obesity. The underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Accumulating evidence indicates that the expression level of ovarian  Kiss1  peaks in the afternoon during prooestrus, suggesting local regulatory roles for  Kiss1  in the ovulatory process. We used a diet-induced model of obesity to evaluate whether the ovarian  Kiss1  system is affected by obesity, and, to investigate the association of the  Kiss1  system with ovulatory disorders in female rats.    Methods  Post-weaning, female, Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal chow diet (NCD) until they reached postnatal day 30 (PND 30), PND 42, or PND 70. The timing of vaginal opening was recorded, and oestrous cyclicity was monitored for 2 consecutive weeks immediately post puberty and again at 8–9 weeks of age. Tissues from the left ovary were collected for determination of the levels of  Kiss1  and  G protein-coupled receptor 54  ( GPR54 ) mRNA, and tissues from the right ovary were collected for assessment of the immunoreactivity (IR) of the corresponding protein products, kisspeptin and GPR54.    Results  The high-fat diet resulted in a significantly higher body weight and an earlier puberty onset. Oestrous cyclicity was disrupted by the HFD with significant reductions in the expression of ovulation-related genes. A marked suppression of ovarian  Kiss1  mRNA levels was observed during prooestrus and oestrus at PND 42, and, during prooestrus, oestrus, and metoestrus at PND 70 in the HFD rats compared with the NCD controls. In the HFD group, the immunoreactivity of kisspeptin was significantly lower in theca cells from antral follicles during prooestrus and oestrus at PND 42, and, during prooestrus, oestrus at PND 70. At the prooestrus stage, in the HFD group the immunoreactivity of kisspeptin was also lower in the theca cells of preovulatory follicles at both PND 42 and PND 70.    Conclusions  Exposure of female rats to an post-weaning, high-fat diet has long-term deleterious effects on ovulation, that may involve down-regulation of ovarian  Kiss1  mRNA and kisspeptin.

High-fat diet decreases the expression of Kiss1 mRNA and kisspeptin in the ovary, and increases ovulatory dysfunction in postpubertal female rats