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Background  Interferon tau (IFNT), which is secreted into the uterine cavity during the maternal recognition period (MRP), is a key factor for establishment of pregnancy. The present study aims to clarify the relationship between the ability of a bovine conceptus to produce IFNT during the MRP and the conceptus's ability to establish pregnancy.    Methods  In the first experiment, IFNT (0, 500, or 1000 micrograms) was administered into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL 16 or 17 d after standing estrus, and mRNA levels of IFN-stimulated gene 15-kDa protein ( ISG15 ) and  Mx2  in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined. In the second experiment, we investigated  ISG15  mRNA expression in PBMCs during the MRP in cattle after either artificial insemination (AI) or embryo transfer (ET).    Results  Intrauterine administration of IFNT stimulated  ISG15  and  Mx2  gene expressions in PBMCs in cattle, and there was a positive correlation between the expressions of peripheral markers and the quantity of IFNT administered. In pregnant and normal interestrous interval (< 25 d) cattle (nIEI cattle), expression levels of the  ISG15  gene showed similar patterns after AI and ET, and  ISG15  mRNA expression was increased in pregnant cattle but unchanged in nIEI cattle. In contrast,  ISG15  gene expression in extended interestrous interval (greater than or equal to 25 d) cattle (eIEI cattle) differed after ET compared with AI. In eIEI cattle after ET,  ISG15  gene expression increased, such that the value on day 18 was intermediate between those of pregnant and nIEI cattle. In eIEI cattle after AI,  ISG15  gene expression did not increase throughout the observation period.    Conclusions  The results of the current study indicate that the quantity of conceptus-derived IFNT can be estimated by measuring  ISG15  mRNA levels in PBMCs from cattle. Using this approach, we demonstrate that  ISG15  gene expression during the MRP in eIEI cattle differed after ET compared with AI. In addition, the modest increase in  ISG15  gene expression in eIEI cattle after ET suggests that late embryo losses were due to delayed or insufficient growth of the conceptus during the MRP in cattle.

reproductive biology and endocrinology

Relationship between quantity of IFNT estimated by IFN-stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bovine embryonic mortality after AI or ET