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Background  Liver fibrosis represents a significant and severe health care problem and there are no efficient drugs for therapy so far. Preventing the progression of fibrogenesis and revival endogenous repair activities is an important strategy for both current and future therapies. Many studies of liver fibrosis consist of animal testing with various hepatotoxins. Although this method is often used, the model at which cirrhosis or extensive fibrosis becomes irreversible has not been well defined and is not representative of early-stage fibrogenesis. We here report the establishment of a transient and reversible liver fibrosis animal model which may better represent an early and natural fibrotic event. We used a high-speed intravenous injection of naked plasmid DNA of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene which is under the control of a metallothionein-regulated gene in a pPK9A expression vector into the tail vein (the hydrodynamics-based transfer) and fed the mouse with zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 )-containing water simultaneously.    Results  Using our hydrodynamics-based gene transfer model we found that upon induction by ZnSO 4 , the serum TGF-β1 level in Balb/c mice and Sp1 transcription factor binding activity peaked at 48 h and declined thereafter to a normal level on the 5 th  day. In addition, mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1 in the liver were also upregulated at 48 h. Furthermore, induction of TGF-β1 increased the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), p-Smad2/3, hydroxyproline and collagen 1A2 (Col 1A2) levels in the liver, suggesting a significant liver fibrosis.    Conclusion  Our results show that TGF-β1 in pPK9a-transferred mice liver with ZnSO 4  feeding can achieve a high expression level with significant fibrosis. However, since TGF-β1 induction is transient in our model, the fibrotic level does not reach a large scale (panlobular fibrosis) as seen in the CCl 4 -treated liver. Our model hence represents a dynamic and reversible liver fibrosis and could be a useful tool for studying early molecular mechanism of fibrogenesis or screening of antifibrotic drugs for clinical use.

Establishment of an early liver fibrosis model by the hydrodynamics-based transfer of TGF-β1 gene