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Background  M3 and M1 subtype muscarinic receptors are co-expressed in normal and neoplastic intestinal epithelial cells. In mice, ablating  Chrm3 , the gene encoding M3R, robustly attenuates intestinal tumor formation. Here we investigated the effects of  Chrm1  gene ablation, alone and in combination with  Chrm3  ablation.    Methods  We used wild-type,  Chrm1   -/-  ,  Chrm3   -/-   and combined  Chrm1   -/-   /Chrm3   -/-   knockout (dual knockout) mice. Animals were treated with azoxymethane, an intestine-selective carcinogen. After 20 weeks, colon tumors were counted and analyzed histologically and by immunohistochemical staining. Tumor gene expression was analyzed using microarray and results validated by RT-PCR. Key findings were extended by analyzing gene and protein expression in human colon cancers and adjacent normal colon tissue.    Results  Azoxymethane-treated  Chrm3   -/-   mice had fewer and smaller colon tumors than wild-type mice. Reductions in colon tumor number and size were not observed in  Chrm1   -/-   or dual knockout mice. To gain genetic insight into these divergent phenotypes we used an unbiased microarray approach to compare gene expression in tumors from  Chrm3   -/-   to those in wild-type mice. We detected altered expression of 430 genes, validated by quantitative RT-PCR for the top 14 up- and 14 down-regulated genes. Comparing expression of this 28-gene subset in tumors from wild-type,  Chrm3   -/-  ,  Chrm1   -/-   and dual knockout mice revealed significantly reduced expression of  Zfp277 , encoding zinc finger protein 277, in tissue from M3R-deficient and dual knockout mice, and parallel changes in Zfp277 protein expression. Notably, mRNA and protein for ZNF277, the human analogue of Zfp277, were increased in human colon cancer compared to adjacent normal colon, along with parallel changes in expression of M3R.    Conclusions  Our results identify a novel candidate mouse gene,  Zfp277,  whose expression pattern is compatible with a role in mediating divergent effects of  Chrm3  and  Chrm1  gene ablation on murine intestinal neoplasia. The biological importance of this observation is strengthened by finding increased expression of  ZNF277  in human colon cancer with a parallel increase in M3R expression. The role of zinc finger protein 277 in colon cancer and its relationship to M3R expression and activation are worthy of further investigation.

molecular cancer

Divergent effects of muscarinic receptor subtype gene ablation on murine colon tumorigenesis reveals association of M3R and zinc finger protein 277 expression in colon neoplasia