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Background   Anopheles gambiae s.l . and  An. funestus  are important vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis, which occur as co-endemic infections along the Kenyan Coast. However, little is known about the occurrence and prevalence of concomitant infections of the two diseases in mosquito and human populations in these areas. This study reports the prevalence of concomitant infections of  Plasmodium falciparum  and  Wuchereria bancrofti  in mosquito and human populations in Jilore and Shakahola villages in Malindi, Kenya.    Methods  Mosquitoes were sampled inside houses by pyrethrum spray sheet collection (PSC) while blood samples were collected by finger prick technique at the end of entomological survey.    Results  A total of 1,979 female  Anopheles  mosquitoes comprising of 1,919  Anopheles gambiae s.l  and 60  An. funestus  were collected. Concomitant infections of  P. falciparum  sporozoites and filarial worms occurred in 1.1% and 1.6% of  An. gambiae s.l  collected in Jilore and Shakahola villages respectively.  Wuchereria -infected mosquitoes had higher sporozoite rates compared to non-infected mosquitoes, but multiple infections appeared to reduce mosquito survivorship making transmission of such infections rare. None of the persons examined in Shakahola (n = 107) had coinfections of the two parasites, whereas in Jilore (n = 94), out of the 4.3% of individuals harbouring both parasites, 1.2% had  P. falciparum  gametocytes and microfilariae and could potentially infect the mosquito with both parasites simultaneously.    Conclusion  Concerted efforts should be made to integrate the control of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in areas where they co-exist.

Concomitant infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Wuchereria bancrofti on the Kenyan coast.