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Background  The wide use of gametocytocidal artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) lead to a reduction of  Plasmodium falciparum  transmission in several African endemic settings. An increased impact on malaria burden may be achieved through the development of improved transmission-blocking formulations, including molecules complementing the gametocytocidal effects of artemisinin derivatives and/or acting on  Plasmodium  stages developing in the vector. Azadirachtin, a limonoid (tetranortriterpenoid) abundant in neem ( Azadirachta indica , Meliaceae) seeds, is a promising candidate, inhibiting  Plasmodium  exflagellation  in vitro  at low concentrations. This work aimed at assessing the transmission-blocking potential of NeemAzal ® , an azadirachtin-enriched extract of neem seeds, using the rodent malaria  in vivo  model  Plasmodium berghei / Anopheles stephensi .    Methods   Anopheles stephensi  females were offered a blood-meal on  P. berghei  infected, gametocytaemic BALB/c mice, treated intraperitoneally with NeemAzal, one hour before feeding. The transmission-blocking activity of the product was evaluated by assessing oocyst prevalence, oocyst density and capacity to infect healthy mice. To characterize the anti-plasmodial effects of NeemAzal ®  on early midgut stages, i.e. zygotes and ookinetes, Giemsa-stained mosquito midgut smears were examined.    Results  NeemAzal ®  completely blocked  P. berghei  development in the vector, at an azadirachtin dose of 50 mg/kg mouse body weight. The totally 138 examined, treated mosquitoes (three experimental replications) did not reveal any oocyst and none of the healthy mice exposed to their bites developed parasitaemia. The examination of midgut content smears revealed a reduced number of zygotes and post-zygotic forms and the absence of mature ookinetes in treated mosquitoes. Post-zygotic forms showed several morphological alterations, compatible with the hypothesis of an azadirachtin interference with the functionality of the microtubule organizing centres and with the assembly of cytoskeletal microtubules, which are both fundamental processes in  Plasmodium  gametogenesis and ookinete formation.    Conclusions  This work demonstrated  in vivo  transmission blocking activity of an azadirachtin-enriched neem seed extract at an azadirachtin dose compatible with 'druggability' requisites. These results and evidence of anti-plasmodial activity of neem products accumulated over the last years encourage to convey neem compounds into the drug discovery & development pipeline and to evaluate their potential for the design of novel or improved transmission-blocking remedies.

malaria journal

Transmission blocking activity of a standardized neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extract on the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in its vector Anopheles stephensi