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Background   Plasmodium  and  Schistosoma  are two of the most common parasites in sub-tropical areas. Deregulation of the immune response to  Plasmodium falciparum , characterized by a Th1 response, leads to cerebral malaria (CM), while a Th2 response accompanies chronic schistosomiasis.    Methods  The development of CM was examined in mice with concomitant  Schistosoma mansoni  and  Plasmodium berghei  ANKA infections. The effect of S.  mansoni  egg antigen injection on disease development and survival was also determined. Cytokine serum levels were estimated using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test.    Results  The results demonstrate that concomitant  S. mansoni  and  P. berghei  ANKA infection leads to a reduction in CM. This effect is dependent on infection schedule and infecting cercariae number, and is correlated with a Th2 response. Schistosomal egg antigen injection delays the death of Plasmodium-infected mice, indicating immune involvement.    Conclusions  This research supports previous claims of a protective effect of helminth infection on CM development. The presence of multiple parasitic infections in patients from endemic areas should therefore be carefully noted in clinical trials, and in the development of standard treatment protocols for malaria. Defined helminth antigens may be considered for alleviation of immunopathological symptoms.

Schistosoma mansoni infection reduces the incidence of murine cerebral malaria