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Background  Entomopathogenic fungi infection on malaria vectors increases daily mortality rates and thus represents a control measure that could be used in integrated programmes alongside insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Before entomopathogenic fungi can be integrated into control programmes, an effective delivery system must be developed.    Methods  The efficacy of  Metarhizium anisopliae  ICIPE-30 and  Beauveria bassiana  I93-825 (IMI 391510) (2 × 10 10  conidia m -2 ) applied on mud panels (simulating walls of traditional Tanzanian houses), black cotton cloth and polyester netting was evaluated against adult  Anopheles gambiae  sensu stricto. Mosquitoes were exposed to the treated surfaces 2, 14 and 28 d after conidia were applied. Survival of mosquitoes was monitored daily.    Results  All fungal treatments caused a significantly increased mortality in the exposed mosquitoes, descending with time since fungal application. Mosquitoes exposed to  M. anisopliae  conidia on mud panels had a greater daily risk of dying compared to those exposed to conidia on either netting or cotton cloth ( p  < 0.001). Mosquitoes exposed to  B. bassiana  conidia on mud panels or cotton cloth had similar daily risk of death ( p  = 0.14), and a higher risk than those exposed to treated polyester netting ( p  < 0.001). Residual activity of fungi declined over time; however, conidia remained pathogenic at 28 d post application, and were able to infect and kill 73 - 82% of mosquitoes within 14 d.    Conclusion  Both fungal isolates reduced mosquito survival on immediate exposure and up to 28 d after application. Conidia were more effective when applied on mud panels and cotton cloth compared with polyester netting. Cotton cloth and mud, therefore, represent potential substrates for delivering fungi to mosquitoes in the field.

Tools for delivering entomopathogenic fungi to malaria mosquitoes: effects of delivery surfaces on fungal efficacy and persistence