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Background  The prevalence of  Plasmodium falciparum  and  Plasmodium vivax  malaria was very high in Corsica just before the Second World War. The last outbreak was in 1972 and the most recent indigenous case was in 2006.    Results  Analysis of historical data shows that anopheline vectors were abundant. Recent surveys demonstrated that potential vectors are still present in Corsica, despite the likely disappearance of  Anopheles sacharovi . Moreover,  P. falciparum  can develop experimentally into these mosquitoes, notably  Anopheles labranchiae , which is locally abundant, and parasites are regularly introduced into the island.    Discussion, Conclusions  The presence of vectors, the introduction of parasites and the conducive climate raise questions about the possibility of malaria re-emerging and becoming re-established in Corsica. Analysis of historic and current parasitological and entomological data shows that the current theoretical risk of indigenous cases or malaria foci is negligible, particularly since there is very little contact between humans and  Anopheles  mosquitoes,  Plasmodium  carriers are reliably treated and there is a widespread vector control on the island.

Malaria risk in Corsica, former hot spot of malaria in France