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Background  An assessment of the correlation between anti-malarial treatment outcome and molecular markers would improve the early detection and monitoring of drug resistance by  Plasmodium falciparum . The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the risk of treatment failure associated with specific polymorphisms in the parasite genome or gene copy number.    Methods  Clinical studies of non-severe malaria reporting on target genetic markers (SNPs for  pfmdr1 ,  pfcrt ,  dhfr ,  dhps , gene copy number for  pfmdr1 ) providing complete information on inclusion criteria, outcome, follow up and genotyping, were included. Three investigators independently extracted data from articles. Results were stratified by gene, codon, drug and duration of follow-up. For each study and aggregate data the random effect odds ratio (OR) with 95%CIs was estimated and presented as Forest plots. An OR with a lower 95 th  confidence interval > 1 was considered consistent with a failure being associated to a given gene mutation.    Results  92 studies were eligible among the selection from computerized search, with information on  pfcrt  (25/159 studies),  pfmdr1  (29/236 studies),  dhfr  (18/373 studies),  dhps  (20/195 studies). The risk of therapeutic failure after chloroquine was increased by the presence of  pfcrt  K76T (Day 28, OR = 7.2 [95%CI: 4.5–11.5]),  pfmdr1  N86Y was associated with both chloroquine (Day 28, OR = 1.8 [95%CI: 1.3–2.4]) and amodiaquine failures (OR = 5.4 [95%CI: 2.6–11.3, p < 0.001]). For sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine the  dhfr  single (S108N) (Day 28, OR = 3.5 [95%CI: 1.9–6.3]) and triple mutants (S108N, N51I, C59R) (Day 28, OR = 3.1 [95%CI: 2.0–4.9]) and  dhfr - dhps  quintuple mutants (Day 28, OR = 5.2 [95%CI: 3.2–8.8]) also increased the risk of treatment failure. Increased  pfmdr1  copy number was correlated with treatment failure following mefloquine (OR = 8.6 [95%CI: 3.3–22.9]).    Conclusion  When applying the selection procedure for comparative analysis, few studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria compared to the large number of papers identified, but heterogeneity was limited. Genetic molecular markers were related to an increased risk of therapeutic failure. Guidelines are discussed and a checklist for further studies is proposed.

malaria journal

A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence for correlation between molecular markers of parasite resistance and treatment outcome in falciparum malaria